中国文学作品儒家意境美的再现

第六节

中国文学作品儒家意境美的再现

儒家文化强调人要遵从社会的道德准则和行为规范，提倡奋斗不息的进取精神。在儒家美学意境中作家俯仰宇宙，感悟人生，面对宏伟雄浑的大自然，内心激发起一种奋发向上、拼搏进取的壮志豪情和建功立业的远大志向，传达了一种宇宙的苍茫感、生命的沧桑感、深沉的历史忧患感。儒家的意境美是崇高美。下面是宋朝诗人苏轼的《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》和许渊冲的译文：

大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。故垒西边，人道是，三国周郎赤壁。乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪。江山如画，一时多少豪杰！

遥想公瑾当年，小乔初嫁了，雄姿英发。羽扇纶巾，谈笑间，樯橹灰飞烟灭。故国神游，多情应笑我，早生华发。人生如梦，一尊还酹江月。

The endless river eastward flows；

With its huge waves are gone all those

Gallant heroes of bygone years．

West of the ancient fortress appears

Red Cliff where General Zhou won his early fame

When the Three Kingdoms were in flame．

Jagged rocks tower in the air

And swashing waves beat on the shore，

Rolling up a thousand heaps of snow．

To match the hills and the river so fair，

How many heroes brave of yore

Made a great show！

I fancy General Zhou at the height

Of his success，with a plume fan in hand，

In a silk hood，so brave and bright，

Laughing and jesting with his bride so fair，

While enemy ships were destroyed as planned

Like castles in the air．

Should their souls revisit this land，

Sentimental，his bride would laugh to say：

Younger than they，I have my hair turned grey．

Life is but like a passing dream．

O Moon，I drink to you who saw them on the stream．

公元1082年苏轼被贬谪到湖北黄州，《赤壁怀古》是他在游历黄州城外的赤壁矶时凭吊怀古所写下的一首词家绝唱。诗人面对浩浩长江滚滚东去，心潮澎湃，思绪万千，不禁想起了周瑜、诸葛亮、曹操、孙权等三国时期的英雄人物。当年他们曾在这里展开惊心动魄的“赤壁大战”，可以想象其场面是何等壮烈。他们叱咤风云，指点江山，何等英勇威武，令诗人敬仰。然而大浪淘沙，岁月无情，这些昔日的豪杰都随着滚滚东逝的长江水一去不复返了。诗人抚今追昔，感慨万千，自己胸怀大志，满腹经纶，却报国无门，壮志难酬。诗人描绘了赤壁矶边长江惊涛骇浪的壮观景象，联想到了当年“赤壁大战”中金戈铁马、硝烟弥漫的激战场面，作品气势磅礴，震撼人心。诗人壮怀激烈，慷慨悲歌。

原词上阕描写长江汹涌澎湃，奔流向东，长江两岸怪石嶙峋，高耸入云，描绘了长江惊涛骇浪、雷霆万钧的雄伟气势。许译The endless river eastward flows/With its huge waves are gone all those，用endless、huge再现了长江浩浩荡荡、滚滚东流的雄壮场面，Jagged rocks tower in the air中jagged的意思是with rough，uneven，often sharp，edges（Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Contemporary English），许译用jagged、tower忠实地再现了长江两岸危石林立、直插云霄的景象。And swashing waves beat on the shore/Rolling up a thousand heaps of snow中swashing意思是violent splash of water，这样swashing waves与上文的huge waves相呼应，加上rolling up，生动地再现了长江巨浪滔天的壮观景象和排山倒海的雄伟气势。原词“千古风流人物”中的“风流”是指有功绩而又有文采，许译Gallant heroes of bygone years中gallant的意思是brave，fine，grand，stately（Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Contemporary English），这样gallant heroes与How many heroes brave of yore中的heroes brave相呼应，再现了周瑜等历史上的风流人物指点江山、建功立业的威武形象。made a great show与the hills and the river so fair在意义上紧密相连，在诗人看来，周瑜等历史人物驰骋疆场、指点乾坤是一幅与“乱石穿空，惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪”同样壮观的画面。

原词下阕，诗人想象当年周瑜在“赤壁大战”中运筹帷幄、指挥若定的潇洒英姿。许译I fancy General Zhou at the height/Of his success中的at the height of his success与上阕Red Cliff where General Zhou won his early fame中的won his early fame相连贯，传达了诗人对周瑜年轻有为、功绩卓着的钦佩之情。enemy ships were destroyed as planned/Like castles in the air与上阕的the Three Kingdoms were in flame相呼应，再现了原词所描绘的金戈铁马、硝烟弥漫的激战场面。In a silk hood，so brave and bright中brave、bright形成头韵，爆发音[b]铿锵有力，富于气势。许译深刻地把握了原作的思想情感内涵，忠实准确地再现了原诗慷慨激昂、荡气回肠的豪放派艺术风格。下面是宋朝诗人辛弃疾的《破阵子》和许渊冲的译文：

醉里挑灯看剑，梦回吹角连营。八百里分麾下炙，五十弦翻塞外声。沙场秋点兵。

马作的卢飞快，弓如霹雳弦惊。了却君王天下事，赢得生前身后名。可怜白发生！

Though drunk，we lit the lamp to see the glaive；

Sober，we heard the horns from tents to tents．

Under the flags，beef grilled

Was eaten by our warriors brave

And martial airs were played by fifty instruments：

'Twas an autumn manoeuvre in the field．

On gallant steed，

Running full speed，

We'd shoot with twanging bows．

Recovering the lost land for the sovereign，

'Tis everlasting fame we would win．

But alas！White hair grows！

诗人辛弃疾生活的时代北宋已亡，南宋统治者苟安江南，纵情声色，不思北上收复中原。诗人满腔报国之志，却不受重用，原作表达了诗人内心的郁闷和痛苦。葛晓音在《唐诗宋词十五讲》中评论道，诗人“以飞快的节奏当年率领部下宿营练兵、跃马横戈的战斗生活写得龙腾虎跃，气势如霹雳闪电。然而这一切都已成为醉梦中的回忆。了却恢复大业、名垂青史的幻想被年华老大、不受知遇的现实无情地粉碎了”。许译上阕，Though drunk，we lit the lamp to see the glaive中glaive指宝剑。辛词《水龙吟》中感叹：“把吴钩看了/栏杆拍遍/无人会/登临意”，“吴钩”指的就是宝剑，与“醉里挑灯看剑”同样表现了诗人对自己英雄无用武之地的遗憾和感叹。Sober，we heard the horns from tents to tents中from tents to tents用叠词再现了当年军营号角连天的激动人心的场面。Was eaten by our warriors brave/And martial airs were played by fifty instruments中brave表现了士兵的勇敢，martial airs表现了军乐的嘹亮。下阕On gallant steed再现了士兵们骑着骏马驰骋沙场的飒爽英姿，'Tis everlasting fame we would win中everlasting fame传达了诗人对收复失地、建功立业的强烈愿望。But alas！White hair grows！保留了原诗的感叹句式，语气强烈，传达了诗人对蹉跎岁月、大业未成的深深遗憾。